Forty-six germplasm accessions of Indian mustard were evaluated for seed yield and its yield components (eleven characters) under protected (against pest and diseases) and unprotected conditions during rabi season of 2007-08 at RARS, Bijapur, India. The correlation study revealed that seed yield per metre was highly and significantly correlated with seed yield per plant, number of siliquae per plant, number of primary and secondary branches per plant, biological yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per siliqua at both genotypic and phenotypic levels in protected and unprotected conditions. Further, path coefficient analysis of eleven yield contributing characters clearly indicated that number of siliquae per plant showed highest positive direct effect on seed yield in both protected and unprotected conditions even though number of primary branches per plant and number of secondary branches per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index indicated positive direct effects in descending order and other characters contributed indirectly towards seed yield. The present study has clearly indicated the need for giving due weightage for number of siliquae per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, harvest index and biological yield per plant for improving seed yield in mustard.