Green revolution in India started during late 1960’s increased national food production significantly (50 to 257 m t from 1950 to 2015) and enabled India to achieve self sufficiency. In this, the combined effect of water (irrigation) and nutrients (chemical fertilizers) to enhance the yield of improved genotypes was enormous. In coming decades too, water and nutrients continue to be very critical inputs to increase the food production further, but are becoming physically scarce and /or economically expensive due to growing multiple demands for water on one hand, and fast exhausting fossil fuels and the cost on other hand. Since nutrients and water are complementary and essential inputs, there is a need to enhance their use efficiency by increasing crop yield relative to that of evapotranspiration and nutrient losses. India has to produce more food (345 m t by 2030) for ever increasing population with declining water and nutrients availability, thus enhancing nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) are most critical and turn daunting research issues. Cereals viz., wheat, rice and maize are the major crops in India and together consume the highest amount of irrigation water and fertilizers (60-65 %) as compared to other crops, but with low efficiency (NUE 30-50% and WUE 3.7-12.6 kg ha mm-1). The increased productivity in these crops is most critical to meet the future food demand in India. This can be achieved by enhanced WUE and NUE through adoption of efficient methods of irrigation and fertilizer application.